StarDate

Meteorology is the study of Earth’s atmosphere and its weather and climate. Despite the name, it has nothing to do with meteors – at least not directly. But more broadly, meteors and meteorology are related – in their names. Both words come from a Greek word that meant “the heavens above” or “things high up.”

Meteorology was first used by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, around 340 B.C. A “meteor” was any particle in the sky, or that fell from the sky.

Over time, meteors were clumped into four classes. Aerial meteors referred to the wind. Aqueous meteors were rain, snow, or hail – any wet stuff that fell from above. Luminous meteors were anything that glowed, such as rainbows or the northern lights. And igneous meteors were anything that flashed through the sky in an instant – lightning and “shooting stars.”

Until a couple of centuries ago, it was thought that shooting stars had a strictly atmospheric origin – something triggered in the sky itself. It wasn’t until the early 1800s that scientists figured out their true origin: bits of space rock that are burning up in the atmosphere. So without the atmosphere, there would be no glowing meteors to light up the night sky.

The word “meteor,” by the way, refers only to the streak of light. When a rock is still in space, it’s a meteor-oid. And one that s hits the ground is a meteor-ite – a “thing on high” that fell to Earth.

More tomorrow.

Script by Damond Benningfield

The oldest objects on Earth didn’t come from our home planet. They were born in space more than four-and-a-half billion years ago. They fell to Earth as the most common type of meteorite.

Chondrites account for about 85 percent of all meteorites. They’re named for tiny round beads of material known as chondrules. The beads formed in the disk of gas and dust that encircled the newborn Sun. Grains of dust clumped together. The chondrules then mixed in with other particles to form asteroids. Collisions sent pieces of the asteroids racing off into space. Some of them plunged through Earth’s atmosphere, falling as meteorites.

Chondrites haven’t changed much since they formed, so they preserve a record of the early solar system. They tell us what kinds of materials came together to form Earth and the other planets.

There are three main classes of chondrites. The differences reveal where they formed. Some were born quite close to the Sun; others, near the inner edge of the asteroid belt; and still others even farther out. The different classes tell us about conditions in different regions of the early solar system.

Many chondrites contain a lot of water, so they may provide clues to the origin of water on Earth. And they contain some of the chemical building blocks of life, perhaps telling us about the origin of life itself – lessons from relics from the birth of the solar system.

More about meteorites tomorrow.



Script by Damond Benningfield

The solar system is big. Really big. It’s almost three billion miles from the Sun to Neptune, the most distant major planet. It’s more than three billion miles to Pluto. And it’s more than twice that far to the edge of the Sun’s magnetic “bubble” – the boundary with interstellar space.

It’s almost impossible to comprehend those distances – they’re just too far beyond anything we ever experience. But we can get an idea of the scale from models of the solar system – the bigger, the better. And there are some king-size models around the planet.

The largest is in Sweden – it spans most of the country. It includes all the major planets, plus many dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets. The Sun is represented by a ball-shaped arena in Stockholm that’s about 350 feet across. At that scale, Earth is bigger than a beachball, and is almost five miles away. Neptune is about 140 miles out, while the edge of the magnetic bubble is several times farther.

The biggest model in the United States is in Maine. It spans almost a hundred miles, along U.S. 1. It extends to the dwarf-planet Eris, which is more than twice as far as Pluto.

Other large models are found in New Mexico, Illinois, Michigan, and several other states. Some of them are small enough that you can walk them, while you need a car or bike for the others. But all of them can help you understand the scale of our big neighborhood.



Script by Damond Benningfield

A meteorite found in the Sahara Desert could be a fragment of a destroyed sibling of Earth. The small planet might have been blasted to rubble when the solar system was young. Some of the planet’s remains could have been incorporated into the other rocky worlds, including Earth.

NWA 12774 is a one-pound meteorite that was found in northwestern Africa in 2019. It belongs to a rare class known as angrites. They account for less than one-tenth of one percent of all known meteorites. They’re also among the oldest meteorites – they formed more than four and a half billion years ago, when Earth and the other planets were still taking shape.

Based on the composition of the meteorite alone, a team of researchers concluded that it was a fragment of a larger body that was disrupted during the early solar system. When the scientists included the structure of the meteorite, they determined that it came from near the surface of the parent body. That world would have been at least 2200 miles in diameter – as big as the Moon – and perhaps as big as Mars.

The parent world probably was destroyed in a collision with another large body. Such collisions probably were common in the early solar system. Earth probably smacked into a Mars-sized planet, for example. The impact blasted huge amounts of material into space, which eventually came together to form the Moon.



Script by Damond Benningfield

Antares, the bright star at the heart of Scorpius, huddles quite close to the Moon early this evening. They set not long after the sky gets dark, so there’s not a lot of time to look for them.

The Moon is a thin crescent now, so it’s night across most of the lunar disk. But on the bright sliver that’s in daylight, you can still make out some of the dark lunar “seas” – vast plains of volcanic rock. They formed long ago, when giant asteroids slammed into the Moon. Molten rock bubbled up from below, then cooled and hardened.

A recent study found evidence of an especially big impact three-and-a-half billion years ago. The hit would have been powerful enough to melt the surface across a wide area.

Researchers discovered the evidence in a meteorite known as Northwest Africa 12593. It was found in Mali, in 2017. It contained some tiny crystals that form only under extreme heat. The chemistry of the meteorite suggested the impact happened three-and-a-half billion years ago.

A later impact shattered the lava plain, jumbling up the rocks. And a third impact blasted some of the fragments into space, including the one that fell to Earth.
The initial impact happened at about the time of similar events on Earth and the asteroid Vesta. That suggests that the inner solar system was littered with many giant space rocks at the time – cosmic “missiles” that sometimes smashed into Earth and the other large worlds.

More tomorrow.



Script by Damond Benningfield