StarDate

You might want to buckle up for this one. We’re going to take a wild ride through the universe. It’s a combination of several motions – involving our planet, our solar system, and our galaxy.

First up is Earth’s motion around the Sun. Our planet’s average orbital speed is about 66,600 miles per hour. At that speed, it takes exactly one year for Earth to make one full turn.

The Sun is moving as well, and it’s taking Earth and the rest of the solar system along for the ride. The Sun is about 27,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. It circles around that center at almost 500,000 miles per hour. The galaxy is so huge, however, that it takes about 230 million years to complete one orbit.

And that’s not the fastest motion we’re experiencing. The Milky Way belongs to a small cluster of galaxies, the Local Group. The group is being pulled toward the Virgo Cluster, which contains thousands of galaxies. And the Local Group, Virgo Cluster, and much more are being pulled in by the gravity of the Great Attractor – the center of an enormous collection of galaxies and dark matter. The Milky Way is speeding toward it at more than 1.3 million miles per hour.

So while the ground beneath your feet feels steady, keep in mind that it’s on the move – tugged by the Sun, the galaxy, the Great Attractor – and perhaps even more.

Script by Damond Benningfield

Iodine is special. It’s the heaviest element that’s commonly needed by living organisms. In humans, it’s used by the thyroid to produce growth-regulating hormones. It’s found in seafood and other products.

The element itself is created in some of the most violent events in the universe. In fact, so were almost all of the heaviest elements – anything more substantial than iron.

The elements are forged in the rapid neutron-capture process. “Seed” elements are slammed by huge amounts of neutrons – the bits of an atomic nucleus with no electric charge. That builds heavier elements, including gold, silver, uranium – and iodine.

Lighter elements are forged in the hearts of stars. More-massive stars create heavier elements. But they can’t make anything heavier than iron. The element-making process shuts down, and the star explodes. The blast can produce huge numbers of neutrons, which are sent flying at high speed. They ram into the debris, creating heavier elements.

But not all exploding stars produce the right conditions to make heavier elements – especially the heaviest of all. Those elements can be formed when two ultra-dense stellar corpses ram together. The merger splatters the region with neutrons. They can forge enough heavy elements to make many planets as massive as Earth.

Iodine probably is made by both types of events, which sprinkle this life-giving element throughout the cosmos.

Script by Damond Benningfield

A long-distance visitor might put in a good showing in the early morning sky this month. And astronomers will be paying close attention.

Comet C/2025 R3 PanStarrs was discovered in September. It probably is falling inward from the Oort Cloud. That’s a huge reservoir of balls of rock and ice that enwraps the solar system. This one might have been nudged inward by the gravity of a passing star.

Objects in the Oort Cloud were born when the planets were taking shape. Jupiter’s gravity hurled them far into space. In the cold and dark, those bodies have changed very little for billions of years.

As PanStarrs approaches the Sun, some of its ice vaporizes. That releases bits of rock and dirt. The debris forms a cloud around the comet, plus a long, glowing tail. Studying this material provides insights into the birth of Earth and the other planets.

The comet will pass closest to the Sun on April 20th. It’ll be closest to Earth a week later – 44 million miles away. If it survives the Sun’s heat, it then will rocket back into deep space, not to return for thousands of years, if ever.

PanStarrs is low in the east before and during dawn. Because we record in advance, we can’t tell you how bright it looks, or how bright it’ll get. We can tell you that it will zip across the Great Square of Pegasus next week, then move into Pisces. By then, it will appear so close to the Sun that it’ll be tough to spot, with or without optical aid.

Script by Damond Benningfield

In October of 1604, a brilliant “new” star blazed to life in the constellation Ophiuchus. It was bright enough to see in the daytime for weeks. German astronomer Johannes Kepler kept a close eye on it until it faded from the night sky, in 1606. So today, it’s known as Kepler’s Supernova. It’s the last known supernova in the Milky Way Galaxy.

A space telescope has been keeping a close eye on the aftermath of that event for the past 25 years. That’s revealed a lot about the supernova and the environment around it.

The supernova flared to life when a stellar corpse known as a white dwarf tipped above its weight limit. The star either stole gas from a companion star, or it merged with another white dwarf. Either way, the star was blasted to bits. The explosion expelled a huge cloud of debris – a nebula that today spans about a light-year. It’s extremely hot, so it produces a lot of X-rays.

Chandra X-Ray Observatory has taken many looks at the nebula. It’s found that one side of it is expanding at about two percent of the speed of light. The opposite side is moving only one-third that fast. The slower side is also hotter. That’s because it’s running into more gas and dust around the nebula.

Chandra will keep an eye on the nebula for as long as it can – telling us much more about the violent death of a star.
The nebula is at the southern edge of Ophiuchus. At dawn tomorrow, it’s to the upper right of the Moon.

Script by Damond Benningfield

The Sun sprays Earth with a constant shower of charged particles – the solar wind. But the shower sometimes becomes a storm – a barrage that can damage satellites, overload power grids, and cause other mischief.

Predicting such storms can save a lot of grief. But better predictions require a better understanding of the Sun, Earth’s magnetic field, and how they interact. A mission scheduled for launch as early as this week should help.

SMILE is a joint project of Europe and China. The craft will orbit up to 75,000 miles from Earth. From that high perch, it’ll be able to see Earth’s magnetopause – the zone where the solar wind rams into Earth’s magnetic field. It will monitor that zone for up to 40 hours at a time – far longer than any glimpses we’ve had before.

Earth’s magnetic field deflects most of the particles in the solar wind. But some of them get through. They create the auroras – the colorful northern and southern lights.

Powerful storms on the Sun blast out huge amounts of particles. They can overwhelm the magnetic field, creating intense bouts of “space weather.” Among other effects, that causes especially intense auroras, which can appear in regions where they’re seldom seen. SMILE will watch the auroras to see how they change with the level of solar activity.

SMILE’s observations will tell us a lot more about how Earth and the Sun get along – improving our ability to protect ourselves from solar storms.

Script by Damond Benningfield