StarDate

In 1845, British astronomer J.R. Hind saw an amazing star in the constellation Lepus, the rabbit. He wrote that the star looked “like a drop of blood on a black field.” Officially, the star is called R Leporis. But it’s also known as Hind’s Crimson Star – a star that looks redder than almost any other star in the galaxy.

R Leporis is a little heavier than the Sun. But it’s much later in life, which makes it a lot more interesting. It’s “fused” the original fuel in its core to make oxygen and carbon. Today, it’s producing energy in shells of hydrogen and helium around the core.

Those changes have caused the star’s outer layers to puff up, so R Leporis is hundreds of times the Sun’s diameter. But those layers are unstable. They pulse in and out like a beating heart. Each “beat” lasts about 14 and a half months. During that cycle, the star’s brightness varies dramatically; at its peak, it’s hundreds of times brighter than at its faintest.

As the star pulses, its temperature changes. At its largest, it’s a bit cooler, so it looks redder. And that color is amped up by the material in its outer layers. Carbon is pulled up from deep inside the star. It absorbs blue wavelengths of light, allowing the red to shine through – enhancing the “bloody” look of Hind’s Crimson Star.

Lepus is in the southeast in early evening, to the lower right of Orion. But you need a telescope to see Hind’s Crimson Star.

Script by Damond Benningfield

The brightest star of the rabbit is a member of a rare class. It’s a yellow supergiant – a star that’s about the same color as the Sun, but much bigger and brighter. It won’t stay in that class for long, though. It’ll quickly get hotter and bluer, then blast itself to bits as a supernova.

Arneb is the leading light of the constellation Lepus, the hare. It’s in the southeast at nightfall, to the lower right of brilliant Orion. Its name is Arabic for hare – a name that also represented the whole constellation.

Arneb is about a dozen times the mass of the Sun, perhaps a hundred times its diameter, and tens of thousands of times its brightness.

The star is about 13 million years old – compared to four and a half billion years for the Sun. But because of its great mass, Arneb has already completed the main phase of life. Changes in its core caused it to puff up to become a red supergiant.

Now, it’s getting smaller, which is making its surface hotter. As part of that transition, it’s turned yellow. But it won’t stay that color for long. As it continues to contract, it’ll get even hotter, so its surface will turn blue. And within a couple of million years, Arneb will explode. That will leave only a small, superdense core – a neutron star. It’ll be surrounded by an expanding cloud of debris that will shine for millennia – the final act of a rare and mighty star.

We’ll have more about the rabbit tomorrow.

Script by Damond Benningfield

From parts of the U.S., the Moon will briefly cover the heart of the lion tonight. The Moon will pass directly between Earth and the bright star Regulus, creating an occultation.

The Moon can occult Regulus because the star lies almost atop the ecliptic – the Sun’s path across the sky. The Moon stays close to the ecliptic, but it does move a little to either side. So occultations of Regulus come in groups. This one is part of a cycle that began last July and will continue through the end of this year. The occultations are separated by about 27 days, which is how long it takes the Moon to circle through the background of stars.

Each occultation is visible from a different part of Earth. In part, that’s because the Moon and Regulus are below the horizon as seen from much of the world. And the Moon is so close to us that there’s a big difference in the viewing angle across the globe. So from any specific location, sometimes the angle is just right, but more often it’s a little off.

This month, the angle is right for skywatchers in the eastern United States. For most of the rest of the country, the Moon will just miss the star. So all of us will see an amazingly close encounter between the Moon and the heart of the lion.

Only one more occultation in this sequence will be visible from anywhere in the contiguous United States – on April 25th. After that, we won’t see another one until 2044.

Script by Damond Benningfield

Odd little February is the shortest month of the year. Historians aren’t exactly sure just why that’s the case. But tracing its evolution gives us a capsule history of the evolution of the calendar.

The modern western calendar is a descendant of the earliest Roman calendar. It included only 10 months, beginning with March. The months were followed by about 60 days that weren’t part of any month.

That system didn’t work very well, though, so two months were added to the end of the year – January and February. Eventually, they were shifted to the start of the year.

The lengths of the 10 original months were changed to leave 56 days for the newcomers. But the Romans feared even numbers, so they added a day to January to give it 29. February was the month for festivals of repentance and for honoring the dead, so it stayed an unlucky even number.

But this version of the calendar contained only 355 days. So an extra month was added every other year. In those years, the last five days of February were dropped.

After that, February remained unchanged until 46 B.C., when Julius Caesar introduced the basic calendar that’s in use today. He named the seventh month for himself: July. And he might have lengthened February to 29 days. If so, it was cut back to 28 by Augustus Caesar, who took the extra day for the month that bears his name: August.

Script by Damond Benningfield

Powerful cold fronts move across North America at this time of year. These blankets of dry, cold air push away the clouds and haze, providing some amazingly beautiful blue skies. That color is produced by the interaction of sunlight with Earth’s atmosphere.

The Sun is classified as a yellow star because its energy output peaks at yellow wavelengths. And if we could see the Sun from a distance of a few light-years, where it would appear as only a pinpoint of light, it would have a yellow hue.

But from close range, the Sun is so intensely bright that we see its light as a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow. As a result, it looks white.

As the Sun’s light enters Earth’s atmosphere, it’s subjected to a number of effects. Most of the time, the most important effect is Rayleigh scattering. It’s named for a British scientist who studied the effect in the late 19th century.

Blue light waves are shorter than waves of red light. That makes them the right size to bounce off molecules of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere. That scatters them in random directions. Since the blue wavelengths are scattered across the entire sky, the sky looks blue.

Molecules in the air actually scatter a lot of violet light as well. But our eyes are more sensitive to blue wavelengths, so we see the sky as distinctly blue – the frosty color of clear winter days.

Tomorrow: the oddball month of February.

Script by Damond Benningfield