The John Batchelor Show

The 1936 Landslide and Political Realignment Guest: David Pietrusza Book Title: Roosevelt Sweeps Nation: FDR's 1936 Landslide and the Triumph of the Liberal Ideal Election night 1936 at Hyde Park began with nervous anticipation, as many — including the Literary Digest — still expected a close race. However, early returns from New Haven, Connecticut, showing a 15,000-vote victory for Roosevelt, signaled an impending "swamping" of the Electoral College. Roosevelt himself was shocked by the margins, initially believing the teletype machines were being read incorrectly. The final result was a massive landslide: Roosevelt carried 46 out of 48 states, losing only Maine and Vermont. The victory brought massive coattails, resulting in 74 Democratic Senators and 334 Democratic House members. This election marked the permanent realignment of American politics, creating the modern Democratic coalition. Roosevelt carried 104 of the nation's 106 largest cities, losing only Pasadena and Syracuse. This shift was driven largely by the children of immigrants who had come of age in the 1930s and "flopped down" for Roosevelt. The Literary Digest poll, which had been right for decades, was famously humiliated, having failed to account for the shifting demographics of the electorate. Roosevelt's victory was more than a mandate; it was a total triumph of the liberal ideal and the big-city machine. The President returned to Hyde Park not just as a reelected leader, but as the architect of a new political era that would dominate the American landscape for decades to come. (8)
1936

Eleanor Roosevelt and the Campaign Climax Guest: David Pietrusza Book Title: Roosevelt Sweeps Nation: FDR's 1936 Landslide and the Triumph of the Liberal Ideal The 1936 campaign saw the emergence of Eleanor Roosevelt as a political star. While Republicans hid Landon's wife and some Democrats feared Eleanor was "too much" for the public, she became an indispensable asset on the campaign trail. She was particularly vital in securing the African-American vote in Northern cities. While the President refused to support an anti-lynching law for fear of alienating Southern Democrats, Eleanor campaigned for it, effectively allowing the administration to "cover the bases" separately. This outreach was crucial, as African-Americans were the hardest-hit demographic and relied heavily on New Deal relief programs. The campaign reached a fever pitch in October 1936. Despite early polls showing Landon leading, the momentum swung heavily toward Roosevelt by late summer. At a massive rally at Madison Square Garden on Halloween night, Rooseveltdelivered a speech that "would peel paint today," declaring of the "economic royalists" that "I welcome their hatred." The speech was a masterpiece of class warfare; observers noted that the violence and "naked demagoguery" of his delivery were even more powerful than the written words. This aggressive stance countered the Republican argument that the public was tired of the New Deal. Despite an unemployment rate still hovering at 13.9%, Roosevelt's ability to frame himself as the protector of the working class against oppressive wealthy interests solidified his lead heading into election day. (7)

The Selection of Alf Landon and the Republican Field Guest: David Pietrusza Book Title: Roosevelt Sweeps Nation: FDR's 1936 Landslide and the Triumph of the Liberal Ideal The Republican Party in 1936 struggled to find a viable candidate to face Roosevelt's juggernaut. They rejected a return to Herbert Hoover, whose 1928 style was deemed too slow and associated with the initial collapse. Other potential nominees included William Borah, the "Lion of Idaho," a progressive maverick and isolationist whom the Republican Old Guard suspected of being a secret Roosevelt shill. Frank Knox, a former Rough Rider and newspaper man, was also considered, though he was seen as a political amateur. Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan was a more mainstream choice, credited with pushing the FDIC to stabilize banks, but he lacked national appeal. Ultimately, the party settled on Alf Landon, the Governor of Kansas, often called the "Kansas Coolidge." Landon was an unremarkable millionaire who had balanced the budget in Kansas, making him a "rock star" by depressed Republican standards. His path to the nomination was paved by Hearst's endorsement and the fact that he was "none of the above" in a limited talent pool. However, Landon was a terrible radio performer in an era dominated by charismatic speakers. Father Coughlin even advised the Republican chairman to get Landon off the campaign trail, suggesting they "say that he broke a leg" to explain his absence. This lack of charisma, combined with Landon's status as a "progressive Republican" who didn't plan to dismantle the New Deal, left him with a weak and uncompelling message. (6)

William Randolph Hearst and the "Soak the Rich" Tensions Guest: David Pietrusza Book Title: Roosevelt Sweeps Nation: FDR's 1936 Landslide and the Triumph of the Liberal Ideal One of the most formidable figures Roosevelt had to manage was media tycoon William Randolph Hearst, who controlled a vast empire of 28 newspapers and eight radio stations. Hearst's political allegiances were notoriously fickle; he had supported Roosevelt in 1932 only after caving to pressure to avoid a candidate he liked even less. However, as the New Deal moved leftward, Hearst became increasingly hostile. His power was so great that in 1934 he visited Adolf Hitler in Berlin. While Hearst claimed the meeting was brief, other accounts suggest a longer discussion where Hearst attempted to raise the issue of the persecution of Jews, though the visual of the meeting severely damaged his reputation. The final break between Hearst and Roosevelt came over the President's "Soak the Rich" tax program. Hearst, who earned over $100 million a year, was outraged by the proposal to raise taxes on the wealthy. In response, Roosevelt privately noted that it might be necessary to "throw 46 men who make a million dollars a year to the wolves," including Hearst. Hearst subsequently ordered his editors to promote Republican candidate Alf Landon, using his "column inches" to saturate the public with pro-Landon content. Despite this media onslaught, Hearst's popularity was in decline, and Roosevelt's willingness to confront the nation's wealthiest interests resonated with a public still struggling through the Great Depression. (5)

Splinter Parties and the Global Shadow Guest: David Pietrusza Book Title: Roosevelt Sweeps Nation: FDR's 1936 Landslide and the Triumph of the Liberal Ideal Beyond populist insurgents, Roosevelt had to contend with the Socialistand Communist parties, which held significant sway in urban centers. The Socialists, led by Norman Thomas, appealed to the intellectual "proto-faction" in New York City, drawing hundreds of thousands of votes. More complex was the role of the Communist Party USA, led by Earl Browder, who was hand-picked by Stalin for his compliance. Under Stalin's"Popular Front" strategy to combat Hitler, the Communists shifted from attacking Roosevelt as a "tool of Wall Street" to offering a deceptive endorsement. Browder realized an open endorsement would be the "kiss of death," so the party ran its own campaign while focusing its firepower on Roosevelt's opponents. This radicalism extended to the Midwest with the Farmer-Labor Party, led by figures like Minnesota Governor Floyd Olson. Olson, a radical agrarian who also harbored presidential ambitions for 1940, presided over a volatile political climate where political violence was not uncommon. These movements reflected a "different political geography" where radical agrarianism and urban socialism threatened to peel away parts of the Democratic electorate. Roosevelt remained wary of these factions, particularly in New York and California, where they were most active. Internationally, the brewing Spanish Civil War and the rise of European dictators added urgency to the domestic political landscape, as the Communists sought to keep Roosevelt in power as a potential ally against fascism. (4)