SEA: Space Exploration & Astronomy

The Solar System is home to eight principal planets, but this is far from the full picture. Hidden beyond the orbit of Neptune are dozens of small, icy worlds, known as Dwarf Planets, or Minor Planets! The best example is Pluto, but there are dozens more orbiting within the same band of material in the outer Solar System. Today, we will visit these frozen, far out worlds first hand.
MUSIC:
- Mist - Odonis Odonis
- Lucid Haze - Amulets 
- Shallow Depths - jAde Wii 
- At the Foot of the Sphinx - Twin Musicom 
- Length of Light - Amulets 
- Crystaline - Amulets 
- Doll Dancing - Puddle of Infinity 
- I Am Running Down the Long Hallway - Chris Zabriskie
- Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring - Kevin MacLeod

At the Foot of the Sphinx by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org/

I Am Running Down the Long Hallway of Viewmont Elementary by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/honor/
Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100189
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

CHAPTERS:
00:00: Introduction
01:52: Minor Planets 
05:34: Ceres 
09:15: The Kuiper Belt 
11:49: Pluto
16:43: Why the IAU Demoted Pluto 
17:46: Eris 
20:17: Haumea 
22:08: Makemake 
24:24: Arrokoth

What lies at the edge of the Solar System? Far beyond the orbit of Neptune and the Kuiper Belt, deep into interstellar space, we find a vast, thick shell of icy space debris. We have never seen it directly, but we know it exists- because it is the source of the most distant comets that we see entering the Solar System. So why is it there? Today we'll find out.

All background songs in this video were sourced from the royalty and attribution-free YouTube Audio Library.

CHAPTERS:
00:00: Introduction
02:01: The Oort Cloud
05:18: The Scale of the Cloud
06:47: Formation of the Oort Cloud
09:33: The Source of All Comets
13:17: The Hills Cloud
14:40: Sedna
16:12: The Outer Oort Cloud
17:13: Siding Spring, Hale Bopp, Lovejoy
19:20: Future Missions to the Oort Cloud
21:46: Extra-solar Oort Clouds

Most large planets have moons. We have discovered almost 200 in our Solar System alone, and so we expect that the Milky Way is teeming with many more- perhaps even outnumbering planets and stars. With so many moons, it adds a plethora of additional holdouts in the galaxy capable of supporting life, and thus they are tantalising targets for scientists. However, extra-Solar moons are so insanely distant and dark against the backdrop of space, that them is a tremendous challenge. In this episode, we will cover its story so far.

SOUNDTRACK:
- Satya Yuga | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)
- The Sleeping Prophet | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)
- Where in Literally | pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)
- The Golden Present | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)

CHAPTERS:
00:00: Introduction
01:09: Exomoons
04:26: How We Find Exomoons
08:53: Kepler 1625 b-i
13:28: Other Exomoon Candidates

Europa is a fascinating moon, which is thought to be hiding a global ocean below its frozen surface. This makes it a hotspot for research and missions, with the ultimate goal being to identify an independent life source. In this video, we will go over this iconic satellite of Jupiter by the numbers, as we blow its perplexing mysteries wide open.

All background music came from the Royalty-Free & Attribution-Free YouTube Audio Library

CHAPTERS:
00:00 Introduction
00:58: Facts About Europa 
04:22: Europa’s Ice Sheet
06:52: Missions to Europa
09:29: The Subsurface Ocean
11:19: Tidal Heating 
13:44: Europa's Prospects for Life 
18:15: Future Missions to Europa

Not every star in the universe can be seen shining brightly in the night sky. There are dozens of types of fascinating hypothetical stars, which are characterised by their extreme behaviour. Today, we will be taking a look at a few of these corrupted stars, from the start of the universe right up until the end.

MUSIC TRACKS:
- Passing a Foreign Moon - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)
- The Shadow Self - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)
- The Bardo - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)
- To Have To In Least Water - pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)
- Surviving the Asteroid Belt - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)
- Wander - Emmit Fenn (YouTube Audio Library)
- Because for Everything There Is Someone - pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)
- Adrift - ELPHNT (YouTube Audio Library)
- Verve - Benjamin Martins (YouTube Audio Library)
- Hollows - Houses of Heavens (YouTube Audio Library)
- Meeting Again - Emily A Sprague (YouTube Audio Library)
CHAPTERS:
00:00: Introduction
01:29: Population III Stars
04:50: Quasi Stars
07:42: Thorne-Zytkow Objects
10:37: Q-Stars and Exotic Matter
14:02: Quark Stars
15:51: Electroweak Stars
17:39: Strange Matter and Strange Stars
20:13: White Dwarfs
21:54: Frozen Stars
22:37: Black Dwarfs
23:18: Iron Stars